Evolusi fatwa zakat ke arah kelestarian institusi zakat di Malaysia
The evolution of zakat fatwas and the sustainability of zakat institutions in Malaysia
Keywords:
zakat fatwas, legal evolution, institutional sustainability, zakat governance, digitalisationAbstract
Evolusi fatwa zakat di Malaysia memperlihatkan keanjalan ijtihad dalam menyesuaikan hukum dengan perubahan bentuk harta, tuntutan masyarakat, serta kemajuan teknologi. Kajian ini menilai bagaimana evolusi fatwa menyokong kelestarian institusi zakat sebagai instrumen pembangunan sosioekonomi umat Islam. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui analisis dokumen yang melibatkan teks fatwa negeri dan kebangsaan, enakmen pentadbiran agama Islam, laporan institusi zakat serta literatur berwasit. Dapatan menunjukkan empat fasa utama perkembangan: tradisional, institusionalisasi, pemodenan/diversifikasi, dan kelestarian/digitalisasi. Evolusi fatwa telah memperluas asas kutipan (seperti pendapatan, KWSP, saham, dan aset digital), menambah baik mekanisme pembayaran (potongan gaji, perbankan atas talian, aplikasi mudah alih), serta mengukuhkan legitimasi agihan berorientasikan pembangunan asnaf. Walau bagaimanapun, perbezaan fatwa antara negeri, tahap literasi zakat yang tidak seimbang, dan risiko integriti digital kekal sebagai cabaran. Kajian ini menegaskan bahawa fatwa yang progresif, digabungkan dengan tadbir urus profesional dan pendidikan masyarakat, merupakan prasyarat penting untuk menjamin kelestarian institusi zakat di Malaysia.
ABSTRACT
The evolution of zakat fatwas in Malaysia reflects the flexibility of ijtihad in adapting Islamic rulings to changes in asset forms, societal needs, and technological advancement. This study evaluates how fatwa evolution contributes to the sustainability of zakat institutions as instruments of socio-economic development. Employing a qualitative document analysis, the data encompass state and national zakat fatwas, Islamic administration enactments, institutional reports, and peer-reviewed literature. Findings identify four phases of development: traditional, institutionalisation, modernisation/diversification, and sustainability/digitalisation. The evolution of zakat fatwas has broadened the collection base (e.g., income, EPF savings, shares, and digital assets), enhanced payment mechanisms (payroll deductions, online banking, mobile applications), and strengthened the legitimacy of development-oriented distribution for asnaf. However, challenges remain, including inter-state inconsistencies, uneven zakat literacy, and digital integrity risks. The study concludes that progressive fatwas, integrated with professional governance and continuous public education, are essential for ensuring the long-term sustainability of zakat institutions in Malaysia.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Faisal Mohamed, Azman Ab Rahman, Muhammad Azhad Al-Bohari
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